Societal Benchmark in Advanced Practice Nursing Essay

Societal Benchmark in Advanced Practice Nursing - Essay Example remains a general consensus that the real credit for the evolution and practical implementation of APN History of Advanced Practice Nurse goes to the American Civil War 1861. That was when the APN implementation began processing and started developing (Keeling & Biglee, 2009). However, CRNA did not get introduced easily and the process did not go smooth because certain barriers regarding legislation cropped up during the early 1900’s. The nursing staff everywhere was not easily granted rights to administer anesthesia because such rights were questioned by the medical profession. People in the medical profession objected on grounds that the concept of nurses administering anesthesia would imply that they are practicing out of their scope which would not present a very nice image (Keeling & Biglee, 2009). Therefore, legislation in Kentucky (Frank VS South) nurses needed to be licensed to administer anesthesia. With time, things started developing and in 1931 foundation for the A merican Association of Nurse Anesthetist (AANA) was laid and 1945 the mandatory certification for CNRA’s got established which changed circumstances phenomenally (Ray, 2005). Other factors also assisted in the development like there were no professional nurses at that time and catholic sisters served as nurses. Also during the 20th century, the increase in immigration and trends toward industrialization and urbanization contributed significantly in refining the image of APN role in the healthcare system with the result that other nursing specialties emerged. The approach of the Nurse Practitioner was such that primary care was provided to the poverty stricken immigrants during World War II so that more worthwhile opportunities got revealed to benefit NP (Keeling & Biglee, 2009). This approach proved to be effective as when physicians had too much on their plates and were too busy to care for all the wounded, the NPs were granted the right to go beyond the realm of caring and handle other

To what extent does disparity exist with the legalization of the birth Essay

To what extent does disparity exist with the legalization of the birth control movement in regards to poor and minority women in the United States - Essay Example But both prevented the spread of birth control by changing from a popular, participatory cause to a professional operation (Gordon, 1975). The most prominent activist is Margaret Sanger. She is known the founder of the birth-control movement in the United States was Margaret Sanger. She has witnessed the results of uncontrolled fertility, self-induced abortions, and high rates of infant and maternal mortality. Her experiences as a nurse and midwife led her to focus all her energy on the single cause of reproductive autonomy for women. She was convinced that there is a need for extensive information on contraception. She established information and advice centers that help women in safe, effective and female controlled contraceptive. She founded the American Birth Control League which later became Planned Parenthood Federation of America. That time issues regarding birth control and contraception was considered obscene and this results to continuous government harassment and closure of her shops. The Comstock Act which was passed in 1873 states that it is illegal to convey any information or devices that could be used f or preventing conception and defined it as obscene was used against Sanger in her advocacy (Battaglia, 1998). It was the government that controlled the access of poor women to birth control, sterilization and abortion for the most part of the 20th century. Primarily concerned about the maternal and infant mortality, the officials began to offer access to birth control centers but women have limited access. Birth control has difficulty in finding legislative support mainly because of the eugenic rhetoric and arguments used by supporters to promote them. There are four main groups that influenced the nature and delivery of the policies. First are the medical and social scientists that offer theories about the origins and characteristics of poverty and proposed solutions that involved the control of reproduction. Second are the leading health and welfare professionals that shaped public policy and influenced the nature of reproductive services. Third, the state and county officials who implemented public health and welfare policies shaped the delivery of reproductive services. Finally, the poor and minority women targeted by the programs responded to them. Factors such as sexuality, class and racial conflicts shaped the negotiations over reproductive control. The ability of women to control their sexuality in terms and conditions of motherhood are the center of debates about birth control. Class and racial background determines whether women will have access to reproductive health care. It was assumed by Policy makers and health and welfare professionals that poor single mothers in particular if they are African American, Hispanic, or Native American-lacked the ability to function properly as mothers and that they should be discouraged from further childbearing.